Surgery
All surgery requires a set of medical tools, typically found in the Operating Theatre, along with an operating table.
Surgical Tools
Information about every tool used in surgery can be found here.
For every tools there are ghetto analogues. Using them lowers chances of performing a surgical step correctly, wounding your patient. Hover your cursor over the item's picture to see its name. Next to the items are the success rates.
Beginning of any Operation
Step 1: 
Place the patient onto the operating table. Do this by selecting grab 
intent. Then click the patient twice in a row until you have an aggressive grab. Then left click the operating table to place the patient on it. Switch back to help 
intent or your surgery will fail.
- If there is no operating table, you can use: Stasis bed (-10%), any table (-20%), any bed (-30%), ask them to lie on the floor (-50%). Chances of successfully completing every step will be reduced.
Step 1.1 
(Optional) Splash on, spray or apply a patch with Miner's Salve (+10%), Sterilizine (+20%), alcoholic drinks (up to +46%), or Honey (+60%) to improve your success chance.
- The stronger the alcohol, the more effective! The formula is: 0.1*(booze power/65). For example: Ethanol gives +10% success chance, Manly Dorf +15%, Bacchus' Blessing +46%.
Step 1.2: 
(Optional) Use a tank of anesthetic and a breath mask to make your patient sleep.
Step 2: 
Place drapes or bedsheet over the part of body you are operating.
Step 3: Switch to help intent. Pro tip: Disarm intent will fail every surgery step.
Step 4: 
Aim at the appropriate body part (important!).
Step 5: 
Do the surgery (see the steps below!). Afterwards congratulate the patient and kick them out.
To abort a surgery, hold a cautery in one hand and drapes in the other, and use the drapes on the patient.
Procedures requiring no research or computer
Filter Blood
Used to purge any chemicals from the patients body without using chemicals with damaging side-effects, such as Calomel.
Target: Chest
Tend Wounds (Burn/Brute)
This surgery is a keypoint in saving limited resources such as synthflesh from being used up cloning a person who can still be resurrected.
Target: Chest
Organ Manipulation
This surgery covers operations to remove/insert organs (brain, heart, appendix), lizard/cat tails, cyber implants and alien embryos.
The body part to target depends on which procedure you want to do.
See below for details about each procedure.
Ordinary organs that require Organ Manipulation
These organs are present in every normal human, and can be removed or transferred through the Organ Manipulation surgery type.
Brain 
The source of consciousness, and where the player actually resides. Removing the brain from a body will make it unclonable through normal means. The brain can also be inserted into an MMI to allow it to speak, and to prepare it to be inserted into a Cyborg or an AI. Or it can be transferred into another body, which can then be cloned or defibrillated with the new host.
Changelings' brains are vestigial, and they can survive without them. Beheading a changeling will not prevent one from reviving.
Target: Head
Heart 
Required for basic survival, removing it will cause a heart attack, dealing huge amounts of oxygen damage until a new, beating heart is inserted, or the patient dies. This can be delayed with epinephrine, if you need more time.
Target: Chest
Eyes 
They're required for sight. Removing them will, obviously, turn the patient blind. Some races' eyes can see in the dark.
Target: Eyes
Ears
Required for hearing. Removing them will make the patient deaf.
Target: Head
Liver 
Required for processing reagents. Removing the liver will cause the patient to take heavy toxin damage.
Target: Chest
Lungs 
Required for breathing. Removing the lungs will cause the patient to suffocate, regardless of air or internals. Some species have mutant lungs that don't need air: transplanting them onto an breathing race will transfer this property.
Target: Chest
Stomach 
Required for digesting food.
Target: Chest
Tongue 
Affects speech. Lacking a tongue will make speech very hard to comprehend, while mutant tongues such as lizards' or flypeoples' will give the patient the race's speech quirks. Abductors' tongues carry over their telepathy, but they prevent normal speech.
Target: Mouth
Appendix 
Removing it cures appendicitis and prevents it in the future, too.
Target: Groin
Other organs that require Organ Manipulation
There are also non-natural organs which can be added to give bonuses or to harm the patient in a few cases.
Cybernetic Implants 
These offer benefits to the patient at the cost of being very vulnerable to EMPs, with malfunctions ranging from eye-flashing to heart attacks. Cybernetic implants always require the Organ Manipulation type surgery, even for arms. Cybernetic implants can be printed by Robotics or the medbay techfab after research.
Target: Chest/Head/Eyes/Arms
Cybernetic Organs 
Cybernetic organs replace organs entirely. You need to remove the corresponding organ first to make room for the cybernetic organ. They are vulnerable to EMPs. Cybernetic organs can be printed by Robotics or the medbay techfab after research.
Target: Chest/Eyes
Xenomorph Embryo 
An alien larva growing inside the patient. If not removed quickly enough, it will gib the patient and try to escape, growing into a dangerous Xenomorph.
Target: Chest
Romerol Tumor
A latent infection in the patient's head, caused by Romerol.
If the patient dies while affected by Romerol, they will eventually rise as an aggressive Zombie. This will repeat as long as the infection lasts; removing it surgically, cutting the head off, or gibbing the corpse will prevent resurrection.
Romerol is infective, and anyone hit by a zombie while unprotected will also acquire a Romerol Tumor.
Target: Head
Prosthesis and Robotic Organ Manipulation
Augmented limbs have special surgery steps for Organ Manipulation that are completed with mechanical tools. Unlike all other procedures, this can be performed on yourself with self-surgery.
Target: Head, chest, groin, arms
Lobectomy
This surgery is an extended organ manipulation, cutting open the chest cavity and removing a disfunctional lobe within the lungs.
This restores health to the lungs, and makes them operable, if they weren't before. Be warned, however, that this surgery can only be done once per set of lungs. Can only be performed if the patient's lungs are above 60 damage, which is a tad past severe damage thresholds. Do NOT confuse this surgery with lobotomy!
Target: Chest
Coronary Bypass
This surgery is an extended organ manipulation, cutting open the chest cavity and grafting a bypass onto the patient's heart.
This restores health to the heart, and makes it operable, if it was not before. Be warned, however, that this surgery can only be done once per heart, and that incising the heart and attaching the graft are not guaranteed successes. Keep bandages on hand in the event of failing the step, which will result in massive amounts of bleeding. Can only be performed if the heart has more than 60 damage (tad past severe damage threshold).
Target: Chest
Hepatectomy
Removes damaged parts of the liver so that the liver may regenerate properly.
A liver healing surgery, similar to Coronary Bypass and Lobectomy. This liver surgery only shows up as an option when liver damage is above 50 and the liver itself is not failing.
Target: Chest
Amputation
Sever a limb from the torso. Tails are handled under Organ Manipulation (groin).
Target: Head, legs, or arms
Prosthetic Replacement
Replace a severed limb with either a normal or a robotic limb.
Target: Head, legs or arms
Augmentation
Replace a limb with a robot part. The head, torso, arms, and legs can all be augmented. Augmenting torso makes you immune to appendicitis and xeno larva.
Robot limbs are tougher. They need welding to "heal" brute damage and wires for burn damage, and cannot be otherwise healed. EMP pulses will hurt augmented humans.
We can rebuild him. We have the technology.
Target: Head, chest, legs or arms
Cavity Implant
Implant/Remove an object in the chest. Tiny and small items can be implanted. Implanting a flashlight allows the patient to toggle it on or off. Implanting grenades is also often done. You can only have one cavity implant at a time.
Target: Chest
Implant Removal
Extracts mindshield, tracking, chemical, traitor, explosive implants and such. If you don't have an empty implant case in your other hand, the implant will be ruined on extraction!
Target: Chest
Dental Implant
This allows you to insert pills/patches into a tooth cavity, allowing you to pop it any time to ingest it. This works for both stimulants and suicide pills.
Target: Mouth
Brain Surgery
This procedure cures all severe and basic traumas and reduces brain damage by a large amount. Failing step 5, however, causes hefty brain damage.
Target: Head
Eye Surgery
This fixes all damage done to eyes (fixing blindness), except genetic. Failing step 4 will cause 70 brain damage to the patient.
Target: Eyes
Removal of Embedded Objects
Extracts objects stuck in the body such as throwing stars or spears.
Target: Head, chest, legs, or arms
Plastic Surgery
If the patient's face is damaged and unrecognizable it restores it, otherwise it change the face and identity of the patient.
Target: Head
Lipoplasty
Removes excess fat from the patient. Can only be selected if the patient is fat.
Target: Chest
Slime Core Removal
Remove core from slime. Step 2 must be repeated for every core if slime has several.
Mostly obsolete with existence of slime grinder, but still possible.
Advanced Surgery
These surgeries require the Advanced Surgery research node. After it is researched you must sync an operating computer (click "View Surgery Procedures" and then "Sync with research database") to unlock the procedures. Advanced surgeries can only be performed on an operating table with a connected operating computer.
Reconstruction
The target is healed by this surgery, without any chemicals being involved!
Useful when healing dead bodies. Requires the "Advanced Surgery" technology.
Target: Chest
Lobotomy
Used to cure deep-rooted brain traumas.
This can cause a random, permanent trauma, or if lucky, a random special trauma which gives you rare powers. Requires the "Advanced Surgery" technology.
Target: Head
Experimental Surgery
These surgeries require the Experimental Surgery research node. After it is researched you must sync an operating computer (click "View Surgery Procedures" and then "Sync with research database") to unlock the procedures. Experimental surgeries can only be performed on an operating table with a connected operating computer.
Revival
The target is resurrected by this surgery.
Unlike normal defibrillation, it works on any non-husked corpse, regardless of how much damage the body has sustained or how long the target has been dead.
If the body has sustained too much damage, it'll die immediately after the revival. You can circumvent this by applying synthflesh or performing Tend Wounds beforehand. Requires the "Advanced Surgery" technology.
Target: Head
Pacification
The target becomes essentially becomes permanently pax-ed, and can no longer perform direct violent actions.
Requires the "Experimental Surgery" technology.
Target: Head
Vein Threading
The circulatory system is woven into a mesh, severely reducing the amount of blood lost from wounds.
Requires the "Experimental Surgery" technology.
Target: Chest
Muscled Veins
Adds a muscled membrane to blood vessels, allowing them to pump blood without a heart.
Requires the "Experimental Surgery" technology.
Target: Chest
Nerve Splicing
Nerves are connected to each other multiple times, greatly reducing stun times. This caps stun times to 4 seconds.
Requires the "Experimental Surgery" technology.
Target: Chest
Nerve Grounding
Nerves form a safe path for electricity to traverse, making the user nigh immune to all electric shocks.
Requires the "Experimental Surgery" technology.
Target: Chest
Ligament Hook
Reshapes the connections between torso and limbs, making it so limbs can manually be attached if severed. However this weakens the connection, making limbs easier to detach as well.
Requires the "Experimental Surgery" technology.
Target: Chest
Ligament Reinforcement
Adds a protective tissue and bone cage around the connections between the torso and limbs, preventing dismemberment. However, the nerve connections as a result are more easily interrupted, making it easier to disable limbs with damage.
Requires the "Experimental Surgery" technology.
Target: Chest
Viral Bonding
The target is forced into a symbiotic relationship with a virus. It makes the virus stay at stage 1 where it's usually harmless, but still infective to others .
Note: The target must already be infected before you can initiate this surgery with the drapes. The target must be dosed with at least 5 units of Virus Food, Formaldehyde, and Spaceacillin for the "Viral Bond" step to work. This surgery will not hide the virus icon from medical huds.
Requires the "Experimental Surgery" technology.
Target: Chest
Alien Surgery
These surgeries require the Alien Surgery research node, which requires the Alien Technology node, which can only be revealed from deconstructing certain abductor items. After it is researched you must sync an operating computer (click "View Surgery Procedures" and then "Sync with research database") to unlock the procedures. Alien surgeries can only be performed on an operating table with a connected operating computer.
Brainwashing
The target of this surgery, when successful, is bound to a primary goal you assign to him/her. He/she must follow these objectives, regardless of allegiance. This can be cured through brain surgery or with a mindshield implant.
Requires either the brainwashing disk, acquired through the Syndicate Uplink, or researching the "Alien Surgery" technology.
Target: Head
Necrotic Revival
Revives a corpse into an infectious zombie which will probably munch your face off. Useful for forcing a shuttle call.
Note: The target must be dosed with at least 5 units of Zombie Powder or Rezadone for the "Bionecrosize" step to work.
Requires the "Alien Surgery" technology.
Target: Head
